II 


f 


SYLLABUS 

OF 

A  COURSE  OF  POPULAR 


LECTURES 


ON 


PHYSIOLOGY, 

WITH  AN  OUTLINE  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  ON  WHICH  DEPENE 
THE  IMPROVEMENT 


THE  FACULTIES  OF  MIND  AND  BODY. 


BY 

REYNELL  COATES,  M.D. 

VICE  PRESIDENT  OP  THE  PHILADELPHIA  MEDICAL  SOCIETY;  FELLOW  OF  THE 
COLLEGE  OF    PHYSICIANS  OF   PHILADELPHIA;   MEMBER   OF  THE 
ACADEMY  OF  NATURAL  SCIENCES  OF  PHILADELPHIA;  THE 
LYCEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  NEW  YORK, 
&C. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
T.  K.  &  P.  G.  COLLINS,  Printers, 
No.  1  Lodge  Alley. 

"l840. 


bioiogx  him. 


SYLLABUS,  &c. 


The  principal  objects  of  this  course  of  Lectures  are,  to  diffuse 
as  widely  as  possible  throughout  the  community  a  knowledge  of 
certain  general  principles  connected  with  the  development  of  the 
animal  frame,  with  the  applicability  of  these  principles  to  the 
e very-day  business  of  life,  the  promotion  of  health  and  happiness; 

To  limit  the  evils  of  empyricism,  whether  in  medicine  or  mo- 
rals, by  giving  such  as  have  never  devoted  themselves  to  the  study 
of  the  physical  nature  of  man,  some  idea  of  the  complexity  of 
those  vital  operations  which  the  most  ignorant  are  ever  the  most 
ready  to  regulate  and  amend: 

To  point  out  the  sources  of  certain  popular  errors  in  relation 
to  physical  and  physico-moral  education,  social  opinions,  and  even 
criminal  jurisprudence: 

To  explain  the  physiological  limits  of  certain  sciences  (so  styled) 
which  have  attracted  vast  attention  in  recent  years,  but  have  been 
pushed  beyond  reasonable  bounds  by  their  enthusiastic  advocates; 
and 

To  facilitate  the  studies  of  those  individuals  of  either  sex  who 
wish  to  become  acquainted  with  the  art  of  promoting  health  and 
mental  vigor,  by  giving  them  such  broad  outlines  of  the  science 
of  life  as  will  render  intelligible  and  interesting  the  otherwise  dry 
and  seemingly  unconnected  details  contained  in  most  of  the  po- 
pular treatises  on  anatomy  and  physiology. 

As  it  is  not  the  intention  of  the  lecturer  to  appear  learned,  but 
to  be  useful,  the  style  of  most  of  the  lectures  is  simple  and  con- 
versational. Technicalities  are  carefully  avoided  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, and  when  indispensably  employed  they  are  fully  explained. 

128 


4 


All  necessary  illustrations,  whether  graphic  or  in  the  form  of 
preparations  are  provided,  but  while  the  importance  of  appeals 
to  the  eye,  and  the  avoidance  of  wearisome  efforts  of  memory  is 
duly  considered,  no  superlative  ornament  is  introduced,  to  dis- 
tract the  mind  from  the  thread  of  the  argument,  or  draw  off  the 
attention  from  the  subject  to  the  speaker. 

The  discourse  opens  with  a  notice  of  the  structure  and  actions 
of  the  simplest  living  beings,  and  proceeding  by  regular  and 
logical  gradation,  terminates  with  the  subject  of  human  responsi- 
bilities. 

The  constant  attendance  of  three  large  and  intelligent  classes, 
comprising  at  least  as  many  ladies  as  gentlemen,  has  given  suffi- 
cient proof  that  this  course  of  lectures  contains  nothing  to  alarm 
the  most  fastidious  taste  either  in  morals  or  delicacy. 

The  number  of  lectures  constituting  the  course  will  be  from 
seventeen  to  twenty;  but  in  traversing  so  wide  a  range  of  sub- 
jects, orally,  and  guided  only  by  short  notes,  it  is  impossible  to 
premise  the  exact  number. 

The  publication  of  this  Syllabus,  as  an  assistance  to  the  me- 
mory in  following  the  course  of  so  long  an  argument,  has  been 
deemed  desirable  by  the  members  of  former  classes. 

LECTURE  L 

What  are  the  differences  between  a  Living  Body  and  one  that 

is  not  Alive? 

Apparent  inactivity  of  bodies  not  endowed  with  life. 
Real  universality  of  motion. 
Motions  of  external  things  always  result  from  external 

causes — mistakes  of  savages  and  children. 
Masses  of  inanimate  matter  have  no  parts  capable  of  moving 

independently  of  the  bodies  to  which  they  belong. 
Their  particles  all  resemble  the  entire  mass. 
Absence  of  the  inherent  power  of  growth  in  inanimate  bodies. 
Seeming  exceptions — The  alumn  basket — Natural  crystalline 
ornaments  of  caves — Efflorescence  of  saltpetre  resembling 
the  growth  of  mosses — Impression  that  rocks  and  stones 
grow — Enlargement  of  porous  bodies — Rising  of  bread — 
Chemical  union — Formation  of  brass. 


5 


Deduction. — Living  bodies  convert  other  matter  into  their 
own  nature;  but  chemical  union  destroys  the  identity  of 
an  inanimate  body  instead  of  enlarging  it. 
Suddenness  of  chemical  changes.  Slowness  of  vital  changes. 
Passive  character  of  chemical  changes.  Popular  error  in 
relation  to  the  motions  of  the  eye-stone. 
Permanent  duration  of  minerals. 

Animated  beings  subject,  like  minerals,  to  motions  from  exter- 
nal causes;  but  have  inherent,  active,  powers  of  motion. 
Power  of  adapting  themselves  to  circumstances  common  to 
all  living  things — Habits  of  roots  and  stems  of  plants  grow- 
ing  in  the  dark — The  potatoe — Influence  of  light  on  leaves 
and  flowers — Hedysarum  Gyrans — Its  motion  supposed  to 
be  connected  with  respiration — Influence  of  temperature 
on  its  motions — Habits  of  the  Venus'  fly-trap  or  Dionoea 
Muscipula. 

First  distinction  between  animate  and  inanimate  things — the 
power  of  independent  mechanical  motion  in  the  former. 

Explanation  op  terms. 

Necessity  for  a  machine  to  produce  the  independent  motions 

of  living  beings — Apparatus. 
Necessity  of  various  parts  in  an  apparatus  designed  to  pro- 
duce various  effects — Organ. 
Animated  beings  composed  of  inanimate  matter  drawn  from 
external  supplies. 
Saracenia  or  Bottle-plant  raised  in  distilled  water — The  air 
plant. 

But  the  matter  composing  a  living  being  must  be  differently 
arranged  from  any  kind  of  inanimate  matter — Organiza- 
tion. 

Organization  continues  for  a  certain  time  after  death — longer 
in  some  parts  and  in  some  situations  than  in  others — Divi- 
sion of  all  matter  into  Organic  matter  and  Inorganic 
matter. 

Definition  of  Organic  remains  and  Petrifactions — Peru 
vian  mummies — Bodies  on  mountain  plains  and  in  polar 
1* 


6 


ice — Siberian  elephant — Fossil  bones  in  caves — The  mas- 
todon— Coral  converted  into  calcedony  or  cornelian,  &c. 

Many  organs  often  combined  to  effect  a  common  purpose — 
System — Errors  in  the  use  of  the  word  system. 

The  peculiar  office  or  power  of  an  organ  or  system  is  called 
its  Function — Errors  resulting  from  the  false  application 
of  the  term,  a  source  of  erroneous  opinions  in  relation  to 
the  mind  and  materialism. 

Parentage  of  all  living  things — Transmission  of  the  peculiari- 
ties of  the  race,  and  even  of  the  individual  from  parent  to 
offspring — Foundation  of  permanent  varieties  and  new 
raees — The  varieties  of  the  apple  from  the  original  crab- 
apple. 

Disposition  of  accidental  races  or  varieties  to  return,  if 

neglected,  to  the  original  condition. 
The  garden  flower  grown  wild. 
Nature  adapts  the  race  to  circumstances — Man  adapts  circum- 
stances to  the  race — Importance  of  continued  culture. 
Nature  a  foe  to  revolutions — Limits  of  the  hereditary  pecu- 
liarities established  by  culture — Fixedness  of  species. 

LECTURE  II. 

Subject  continued.    Jictive  Growth  of  Living  Things  compared 
with  the  Passive  Growth  of  Inanimate  Things. 

Diminutive  origin  and  slow  increase  of  size  in  living  things. 
They  never  grow  by  adding  fresh  matter  from  without  to  their 
surface  like  minerals. 

Apparent  exceptions — Seemingly  inorganic  character  of  the 
outer  bark  of  plants  and  the  scarf  skin  and  its  appendages 
(hair,  horn,  nails,  &c.)  in  animals.  The  constant  wearing 
and  growth  of  these  substances.  The  matter  for  their 
growth  supplied  from  within  the  living  body. 

The  formation  of  bark — The  phenomena  of  a  blister— The 
periodical  shedding  of  the  covering  of  crabs,  snakes  and 
insects — Man  seems  to  shed  his  scarf  skin  annually — A 
new  cover  always  formed  before  the  old  is  cast  off — Per- 
manent horns  of  cattle — Temporary  horns  of  deer. 


7 


Other  apparent  exceptions — Many  animals  deprived  of  a 
cuticle  or  scarf  skin — Mucus  substituted — Snails — Fresh 
water  shells — Lymnaea — The  internal  surfaces  of  the 
larger  animals  lined  with  mucus,  like  the  external  surface  of 
shell-fish — Mucous  membranes — Cuticle  in  man  descends 
to  the  stomach — Why — Cuticle  a  sufficient  protection  for 
man,  but  many  animals  require  a  harder  covering — Insects 
— Crabs — Domestic  difficulties  of  an  oyster — Shells  of 
shell-fish  not  mere  houses  constructed  of  materials  collected 
from  without,  but  formed  of  matter  furnished  from  within 
the  animal — Numerous  shells — Curious  habits  of  the  con- 
chologist  shell. 

Conclusion. — The  matter  for  the  growth  of  living  things  is  exclu- 
sively furnished  from  within  their  proper  bodies,  though 
originally  obtained  exclusively  from  without,  in  the  form  of 
food. 

Proofs  of  the  internal  power  of  growth  from  the  history  of 
wounds — Surprising  powers  of  restoration  in  many  animals 
— Abyssinian  method  of  carving  a  beef-steak — Anecdote  of 
a  deer — Water  newts  when  deprived  of  a  limb  can  con- 
struct a  new  one. 

Second  grand  distinction  between  living  and  inanimate  things. 
The  former  independent  in  actions,  but  dependent  on  other 
things  for  existence  and  support;  the  latter  independent  in 
their  existence,  but  dependent  in  their  actions. 

Necessity  that  food  should  enter  the  bodies  of  living  things  in  a 
liquid  or  gaseous  state.  Hence  they  possess  the  power  of 
dissolving  solids — Formation  of  sap  and  blood. 

Conclusion. — Living  bodies  must  be  composed  in  part  of  solids 
and  in  part  of  fluids — Seeming  exceptions — The  vibrion — 
Darwin's  moss. 

Proofs  of  the  control  of  life  over  chemical  action — Its  limits. 

Organised  beings  possess  the  power  of  constructing  their  own 
particles— Organisation  of  the  fluids.  Plants  live  chiefly 
on  inorganic  food;  Animals  on  that  which  is  organised;  but 
this  does  not  furnish  a  positive  distinction  between  them. 
Birds  employ  lime.  Manures.  Doctrine  of  the  univer- 
sality of  the  stomach  in  animals. 


8 


Proofs  that  all  parts  of  living  beings  possess  the  power  of  select- 
ing the  materials  of  their  growth  from  the  sap  or  the  blood, 
or  complete  the  construction  of  their  own  particles — This 
process  simple  in  simple  animals,  but  more  complex  in  others 
—The  fluids  constantly  changed  in  character,  until  converted 
into  solids — Assimilation. 

LECTURE  tit 

Integrity  of  the  Surface  in  Animals — The  Vital  Functions  all 
carried  on  under  cover — Stages  of  Assimilation — Motive 
Powers,  <5*c. 

Explanation  of  the  meaning  of  surface,  as  applied  in  physiolo- 
gy— The  surface  of  an  animal  or  plant  may  be  extended  by 
art — Illustrations — Slit  ears  of  Indians — Slit  lips  in  Van 
Dieman's  Land — Boring  the  ears,  &c. — Surgical  cases. 

Both  the  inner  and  outer  surfaces  of  living  bodies  being  covered 
by  a  shield  or  envelope  of  cuticle  or  mucous  membrane  with- 
out any  openings,  how  does  food  enter? — All  membranes 
have  the  power  of  transmitting  certain  fluids — A  bladder 
transmits  alcohol  much  faster  than  water — Living  mem- 
branes have  a  vital  power  of  choosing  or  rejecting. 

Explanation  of  Absorption. 

Some  animals  absorb  by  their  whole  surface — Nature  and  use  of 
stomachs — Digestion,  the  first  step  in  the  process  of  assimi- 
lation— Vegetable  stomachs — Dionaea  muscipula— Sarace- 
nia  flava — Pitcher  plant — Parasitic  plants. 
Absorbed  fluids  are  organised  from  the  moment  they  enter  the 
body — they  supply  every  part  with  nourishment. 
Hence  the  necessity  of  a  Circulation. 
Reciprocal  action  of  solids  and  fluids — Deposition. 
Result  of  deposition — Nutrition. 

Substances  separated  from  the  blood  or  sap  by  Secretion — 
Examples  of  the  secretions— Saliva,  tears,  the  water  in  the 
leaves  of  saracenia,  perspiration,  &c. — Nutrition  is  a  form 
of  secretion.  Perspiration,  cuticle,  shells,  mucus,  &c.  are 
secretions. 


9 


Stages  of  assimilation— Digestion,  absorption,  circulation,  nutri- 
tion, and  secretion. 

These  vital  functions  being  common  to  all  organised  beings, 
are  called  the  functions  op  organic  life. 

In  order  that  the  nutritive  fluids  should  circulate,  they  must  be 
moved  by  the  action  of  the  solids;  and  in  order  that  the 
solids  should  act  properly,  they  must  be  excited  to  action 
by  the  fluids — Irritability  and  Contractility — these 
are  organic  functions. 

Remarks  on  the  nature  of  respiration— Partakes  of  the  nature 
both  of  digestion  and  secretion. 

Why  should  the  same  organic  functions,  all  common  to  plants 
and  animals,  produce  such  an  endless  variety  of  beings? — 
Philosophical  ignorance. 

Distinction  between  animals  and  vegetables — Consciousness 
and  will. 

Explanation  of  the  necessity  for  a  constant  supply  of  food,  even 
after  the  living  being  has  reached  the  highest  perfection  of 
development.    Remarks  on  the  process  by  which  the  vital 
powers  accomplish  the  cure  of  wounds. 
Limited  duration  of  living  bodies. 

The  continuance  of  life  produces  inevitable  death.  Explana- 
tion of  the  reason.  The  perpetual  increase  of  the  solids 
and  the  diminution  of  their  irritability  and  contractility, 
and  the  equally  constant  diminution  of  the  fluids  owing 
to  the  growth  of  the  solids.  Tendency  of  all  living  mo- 
tions to  ultimate  rest. 

Proofs  of  the  perpetual  changes  of  all  the  particles  of  living 
bodies.    The  death  and  renewal  of  the  particles  necessary 
to  the  continued  life  of  the  whole  being. 
Causes  of  the  almost  undiminished  supply  of  food  after  ma- 
turity. 

Various  routes  by  which  particles  enter  and  leave  the  sub- 
stance of  the  body — Insensible  perspiration — Experiment 
with  India  rubber  cloth, 

Changes  produced  by  sudden  starvation — Cause  of  death — 


10 


Causes  of  continued  life  without  food  in  disease — Changes 
from  slow  starvation  and  age. 

Time  changes  our  identity  while  it  spares  our  individuality. 

Change  of  particles  most  rapid  in  youth — Why — Hastened 
by  exercise — Effects  of  too  much  exercise — Youth  and 
exercise  increase  the  demand  for  food — Cause  of  prema- 
ture old  age  and  decrepitude  in  over-wrought  operatives — 
The  arrest  of  the  secretives  ultimately  produces  death — 
Why. 

LECTURE  IV. 

Recapitulation,  with  further  Remarks  on  the  Various  Steps 
in  the  Process  of  •Assimilation. 

Every  organ  has  its  own  mode  of  life,  and  its  own  shield  or 
envelope — Nutritive  fluid  does  not  penetrate  the  substance 
of  the  organs — Hence  every  organ  performs  all  the  steps 
of  the  process  of  assimilation,  like  the  entire  animal,  ex- 
cept respiration — Of  which,  also,  it  is  capable  if  properly 
located. 

Constant  alternation  of  the  particles  from  the  solid  to  the 
fluid  state,  and  the  contrary. 
Remarks  on  the  nutritive  fluid — Its  simplicity  in  simple  ani- 
mals and  plants — Coagulation  of  blood — Its  various  parts 
— Globules  of  blood — Globules  of  sap. 
Definition  of  a  living  body. 

Variety  of  results  from  the  single  cause — Life — not  more 
remarkable  than  those  from  Gravitation. 
Take  leave  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

Diffusion  of  life  in  animals. 

Injuries  of  any  important  part  affect  the  health  of  the  whole 
body — But  some  parts  easily  spared — Cutting  grape  vines 
to  increase  fruit — Anecdote  of  an  amputation  of  the  wrong 
limb — Complex  animals  die  if  deprived  of  the  head  or 
heart — Girdled  trees. 
Power  of  healing  wounds  inversely  as  the  complexity  of 
an  animal — Earth  worm — Cooking  frogs — Dog  and  turtle's 
head — The  shark. 


11 


What  is  the  greatest  simplicity  of  structure  consisteut  with  the 

enjoyment  of  animal  life  ? 
Powers  of  simple  living  animal  membrane. 

It  permits  digestion — Alimentary  canal  of  man — Absorp- 
tion— Medicines  applied  to  the  skin,  and  poisoned  wounds 
in  amputated  limbs.  Respiration — Back  of  frogs;  ani- 
mals throwing  away  their  lungs;  skin  in  man;  effects  of 
cfeanliness;  speed  of  race-horse.  Nutrition— Proof  pre- 
viously given — Animal  membrane  constructs  itself,  and 
fulfils  the  circle  of  the  vital  functions. 

Conditions  necessary  to  the  exercise  of  the  functions  of  liv- 
ing membranes. 

Theoretical  condition  of  the  simplest  form  of  an  animal — A 
sac  of  membrane  full  of  a  nutritive  fluid,  and  endowed 
with  irritability  and  contractility. 

The  simpler  animals  become,  the  more  nearly  they  approach 
this  condition — Remarks  on  Ehrenberg's  discoveries — 
Objections  to  Cuvier's  postulate  of  the  necessity  of  nerves 
to  animal  life — Error  of  Lamark  in  terming  the  simpler 
animals  apathic— (without  feeling.) 

How  nearly  do  the  simplest  animals  approach  to  the  theo- 
retical stage  of  simplicity? — Description  and  demonstra- 
tion of  a  Medusa,  or  sea-nettle. 

Type  of  simplicity — The  hydra— Description  of  its  manners, 
habits,  and  structure — Composed  of  cellular  tissue — 
May  be  divided  almost  indefinitely,  without  destroying 
the  life  of  the  pieces.  A  single  hydra  may  be  transform- 
ed by  art  into  a  whole  community  of  individuals  with  a 
common  life,  attached  to  each  other  in  a  common  mass. 

Cellular  tissue — Found  in  all  animals — Where? — Descrip- 
tion— Illustrations — Inflating  chickens — Consequences  of 
wounds  of  the  lungs. 

Powers  of  cellular  tissue.  In  the  Hydra  it  fulfils  all  the 
functions  of  an  animal;  even  those  of  consciousness  and 
will — without  the  aid  of  organs.    Amusing  proof. 


12 


LECTURE  V. 

Importance  of  simplest  Animals.  Of  Animals  living  in  Com" 
munities,  formed  naturally  into  a  common  mass  with  a 
common  vitality;  Sponge,  Alcyonium,  Gorgonia,  and  Coral, 
composed  like  the  Hydra,  of  Cellular  Tissue  without  special 
organs. 

This  Lecture,  being  almost  exclusive  demonstrative,  and  illus- 
trated by  impressive  drawings  and  specimens,  requires  no  analysis 
to  aid  the  memory. 

LECTURE  VI. 

Same  subject  continued.    Depuration  of  the  Ocean.  Influence 
of  the  Polypi,  or  Zoophytes  on  Physical  Geography. 

Impurities  of  the  ocean.    Influence  of  rivers,  coasts,  &c. 

Depths  at  which  life  may  be  maintained.  Importance  of 
light  to  the  zoophytes. 

Depuration  of  the  waters  by  animals.  Quarrelsome  fellow- 
travellers  on  sea-weed.  Sources  of  lime  employed  by  the 
polypi  of  coral  animals  of  the  deep  sea.  Fish.  Familiars 
of  vessels  and  wrecks. 

Polypi  and  other  soft  bodied  animals,  floating  without  sup- 
port at  sea;  some  with  a  community  of  life.  Pyrosoma; 
some  merely  associated  by  community  of  instinct.  Salpa. 
Origin  of  false  shoals  on  charts.    Submarine  lightning. 

Great  length  of  coral  reefs  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Probable 
connection  with  the  geological  structure  of  the  bottom. 

Influence  of  coral  in  extending  lands.  Best  observed  around 
volcanic  islands.    Isle  of  France. 
Circular  reefs  of  Pacific — Are  they  connected  with  extinct 
craters? 

New  islands  built  by  coral — Their  form  and  progress — In- 
troduction of  fresh  water — Formation  of  soil  by  marine 
plants — Massive  sea-weed  of  Tristan  d'Acunha — Fuci  of 
Rhode  Island — Effects  of  the  growth  and  decay  of  lichens, 
mosses,  and  ferns — Illustration — The  effects  of  the  rainy 
season  on  the  appearance  of  buildings  at  Calcutta — De- 
struction of  the  very  ruins  of  ancient  cities  by  vegetation 


13 


— Vegetation  aids  in  introducing  moisture — The  spring  of 
La  Pouce  Mountain,  in  the  Isle  of  France — Seeds  of  trees 
and  shrubs  introduced  by  birds  and  currents.  The  new 
island  takes  the  form  of  a  ring  of  woods  and  a  central 
swamp.  Becomes  fitted  for  the  residence  of  man.  A 
canoe  and  inhabitants.  Primary  agriculture.  Volcanic 
action  raises  mountains,  and  the  work  is  complete. 

The  past.  Lyell's  Geology.  Rise  and  fall  of  countries. 
Changes  marked  by  organic  remains.  Destruction  of 
races.    Temple  of  Serapis  in  Italy. 

The  future.  Land  and  sea  may  again  change  places.  Man 
may  yet  owe  the  continuance  of  his  species  to  the  labors 
of  the  zoophites.  Importance  of  little  things.  Political 
paraphrase. 

LECTURE  VII. 

Of  the  Gradual  Changes  that  take  place  in  the  Cellular  Tis- 
sue, as  we  advance  toward  the  more  Perfect  Jinimals.  The 
manner  in  which  this  Tissue  effects  the  Movements  of  the 
Nutritive  Fluid,  and  the  first  steps  by  which  Special  Organs 
are  formed  in  and  by  this  Tissue. 

Cellular  tissue  strengthened  by  fibres — How  formed — Its  in- 
fluence on  the  motions  of  the  fluids. 

Skin  thus  strengthened — Not  classed  with  fibrous  membranes 
— Why — Its  complexity  in  man — It  answers  as  a  substi- 
tute for  a  skeleton  in  many  animals,  as  in  medusa,  shell- 
fish— The  snail — Its  connection  with  the  shell;  its  firm  foot. 
Strong  adhesive  powers  of  limpits  and  sea-ears. 

Fibres  strengthening  cellular  tissue  sometimes  capable  of  be- 
ing stretched  and  retracting — Others  firm  and  unyielding 
— They  grow  stronger  by  use — Growth  of  skin  over  wens, 
&c. — Surgical  applications  of  the  principle. 

These  cellular  fibres  exhibit  the  first  step  towards  complexity 
of  structure. 

History  of  an  animal  composed  of  this  complex  cellular  tis- 
sue— Physalia,  or  Portuguese  man-of-war — Its  singular 
manners  and  habits — Origin  of  its  motive  powers — Sup- 
posed spontaneous  division. 
2 


14 


Contractility  in  medusa — Locomotive  power — Pieces  swim 
after  being  cut  off  from  it. 
Universality  of  contractility — Experiments  on  the  locust — Mus- 
cular contractility  not  essentially  different  from  that 
of  cellular  tissue,  with  or  without  fibres— Both  may  be 
controlled  by  the  will,  and  both  survive  in  separated  por- 
tions of  the  animal — Effects  of  galvanism — False  doctrine 
of  nervous  fluid — Muscles  not  necessary  to  locomotion — 
Nerves  not  always  necessary  to  stimulate  muscular  motion 
— Examples  from  frogs  and  man. 

Contractility  the  common  cause  of  motion  in  animals — Com- 
mon to  all,  or  nearly  all  parts  of  them — Cannot  act  with- 
out a  stimulant  exciting  irritability — Irritability  different 
in  different  parts,  requiring  different  stimulants. 

Hence  all  the  motions  of  life  are  caused  by  stimulants — 
Folly  of  Grahamism. 

LECTURE  VIII. 

Of  Ciliary  Movement — Tonicity — the  Masticatory  Apparatus 
— the  Alimentary  Canal  and  Muscular  System. 

Wide  diffusion  of  Cilia  throughout  the  animal  chain. 

Mode  in  which  Polypi  take  their  prey. 

Motions  of  the  gemmules  of  sponge;  of  the  infusory  ani- 
malcules; of  pieces  cut  from  the  breathing  organs  of  the 
muscle  shell-fish. 

Probable  presence  of  cilia  in  the  lungs  and  alimentary  canal 
of  the  more  perfect  animals. 

Cilia  of  certain  plants — The  Chara.Hispida — Vegetable  cir- 
culation— Ciliary  movements  a  result  of  contractility. 

Definition  of  Tone  and  Tonicity — a  form  of  contractility. 

The  contraction  of  contractile  parts  continues  for  a  time  after 
the  removal  of  the  stimulant  exciting  it.  Illustrations. 
The  motion  of  the  leaves  of  the  DionoBa  or  fly-trap.  Na- 
ture of  fainting  fits.  Mexican  sacrifices.  This  is  one  of 
the  principles  involved  in  the  theory  of  Habit.  Exam- 
ples of  Tonicity. 
Importance  of  tone  in  promoting  vital  functions.  Effects 


15 


on  absorption.  Dr.  Pennock's  experiments  on  poisoned 
wounds.  Contraction  of  skin  after  long  illness.  Dropsy 
from  debility.  Effects  of  bandages.  Phenomena  of  sleep, 
diminishing  tone.  Late  suppers.  Similar  condition  in 
children  growing  rapidly,  and  in  convalescence  from  dis- 
ease. Dietetic  cruelties  practised  on  children,  and  false 
kindness  shown  to  the  sick  and  feeble  in  relation  to  food. 

Gradually  increasing  complexity  of  the  Digestive  Apparatus 
in  ascending  the  scale  of  animal  organization. 

Divided  stomach  of  medusa  effecting  a  kind  of  circulation. 
Masticatory  Apparatus.    Jaws  and  teeth  of  the  sea  urchin, 
capable  of  breaking  solid  shells.    (Echinus  and  Spantan- 
cus.)    Those  of  Insects. 

Internal  masticatory  organs.  Gizzards.  Those  of  a  shell 
fish  capable  of  grinding  coral.  Teeth  in  the  stomach  of 
the  Lobster.  Lining  membrane  of  gizzards.  Strength  of 
the  gizzard  of  the  Turkey,  grinding  needles. 

Use  of  pebbles  instead  of  teeth  by  certain  birds. 
The  more  highly  organized  is  the  food  of  an  animal,  the  more 
simple  is  its  digestive  apparatus. 

Alimentary  canal  of  carniverous  animals.  The  crane.  The 
shark.    Anecdote  of  shark. 

Digestion  slow  and  difficult  in  animals  living  on  vegetable 
food.  Long  and  complex,  often  with  several  stomachs  in 
others.  Craw  of  pigeons — its  use.  Craw  of  shell-fish. 
Four  stomachs  of  ruminating  animals.  Water  vessel  of 
the  camel. 

Necessity  for  a  Muscular  System  in  complex  animals. 

Definition  of  Muscle.  Influence  of  life  on  the  strength  of 
muscles. 

Use  of  muscles.    Muscular  contractility — Muscular  tonicity. 

Division  of  the  muscular  system  into  Voluntary  Muscles,  Invo- 
luntary Muscles,  and  Mixed  Muscles,  wisdom  and  necessity 
of  this  division — Technical  division  of  the  muscular  system 
into  the  muscles  of  organic  life  and  those  of  animal  life. 

Structure,  uses,  and  arrangement  of  Fascia. 

Structure  of  muscle  and  of  muscular  fibres — Actions — Every  fibre 
an  organ — Irregular  actions — Convulsions — Cramp— Color 


16 


of  muscles — Uncertainty  of  microscopic  observations  on  the 
ultimate  fibre. 

Muscles  are  formed  in  and  by  the  cellular  tissue,  and  may  be  re- 
duced to  simple  cellular  tissue  by  disease  or  accident — 
Illustration  from  the  history  of  fractured  limbs. 

LECTURE  IX. 

Of  the  Alimentary  Canal  and  Locomotive  Apparatus, 

Structure  of  the  Alimentary  Canal. 

Alimentary  canal  an  extension  of  the  skin — Its  form  and  length 
— Layers  of  true  skin — Their  arrangement  in  the  alimen- 
tary canal — Mucous  coat — Fibrous  coat,  miscalled  the  ner- 
vous coat — Cutaneous  muscles — Muscles  of  alimentary 
canal. 

The  stomach — The  pylorus — Effects  of  over-distension  from 
eating  or  drinking — Intemperance  in  the  use  of  cold  water 
— Anecdote — Remark  on  diet  in  childhood. 

Connections  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

Structure  and  arrangement  of  Peritoneum  or  serous  membrane 
of  the  abdomen. 

Remarks  on  serous  membranes — those  of  the  chest— Pleura* 
Pericardium — that  of  the  head;  Arachnoid  or  spider-web 
membrane — Accidental  serous  membranes — Anecdote. 

Secretory  glands  and  ducts  connected  with  the  alimentary  canal 
— Salivary,  Bilious,  &?c. — Ducts  formed  like  the  canal — 
Universality  of  the  mucous  and  dense  cellular  coats — Fre- 
quency of  the  muscular  coat. 

Accidental  passages  similarly  constructed;  hence  the  proof  that 
the  body  is  every  where  closed  within  an  envelop  of  skin, 
internally  and  externally. 

Transmutation  of  skin  into  mucous  membrane,  and  the  reverse 
— Medicinal  and  injurious  effects  of  India  rubber  and  oiled 
silk  clothing — Remarks  on  excoriations  and  soft  corns — 
Resemblance  between  man  and  a  zoophyte — Uniformity 
of  the  plan  of  animal  organisation. 

Locomotive  Apparatus — Necessity  for  a  solid  skeleton  in  ani- 
mals of  somewhat  complex  structure. 


17 


Cutaneous  skeletons  of  the  radiated  animals — Sea  stars — Sea 
Eggs,  &c. 

Cutaneous  skeletons  of  the  annulated  animals,  worms,  insects, 
&c. 

Similar  appearances  in  more  complex  animals,  snakes,  tortoises, 
&c. 

Explanation  of  the  necessity  of  an  internal  solid  skeleton  in  the 
higher  class  of  animals. 
Osseous  System  of  Reptiles,  Fishes,  Birds,  Quadrupeds,  and 
man. 

Bones  always  soft  in  young  animals,  originally  formed  of 
cellular  tissue — Gelatinous  deposit — Deposit  of  gristle  or 
cartilaginous  matter — Binding  of  the  bones  of  children — 
The  skeletons  of  certain  fishes,  and  certain  parts  of  the 
human  skeleton  always  remain  flexible — Deposit  of  earthy 
matter  in  bone — phosphate  and  carbonate  of  lime. 

Manner  in  which  bone  is  formed  in  and  by  the  cellular 
tissue — Reticulated  structure  of  the  earthy  deposit — The 
several  deposits  shown  separately  by  art — Effects  of  fire 
and  long  boiling  on  bone — These  agents  leave  the  earthy 
matter  alone — Acids  reduce  bone  to  the  soft  and  flexible 
condition  of  infancy — Perfect  bone  may  be  reduced  to 
cellular  tissue  by  art. 

Similar  changes  produced  by  disease — Brittleness  of  bones — 
Cases — Effects  of  cancer — A  case — Flexibility  of  bone — 
Rickets.  &c,  common  in  Europe — Why. 
Generality  of  the  law  that  all  the  organs  are  formed  in  and 
by  the  cellular  tissue — Mutual  convertibility  of  organs — 
Ossifications — Resemblance  of  the  young  of  the  more 
perfect  animals  to  adult  animals  of  lower  grade — Remarks 
on  Youth. 

Structure  of  joints — Necessity  for  articular  cartilages — 
Their  structure — Synovial  membranes,  the  serous  mem- 
branes of  joints — Necessity  for  ligaments — Their  struc- 
ture— Uses — Great  strength. 

Enveloping  membrane  of  bone,  or  Periosteum — Explanation 
of  terms  Perichondrium,  Pericranium. 

2* 


18 


Necessity  for  the  existence  of  Tendons — Their  nature,  struc- 
ture, uses,  and  singular  arrangement — Further  remarks  on 
the  voluntary  and  involuntary  muscles. 

LECTURE  X. 
The  Circulation. 

Recapitulation — Further  remarks  on  the  transmutation  of  or- 
gans. 

Necessity  of  a  circulatory  apparatus — What  is  a  blood  vessel? 
— Analogy  to  alimentary  canal — Cerous  coat  the  only  es- 
sential one — Vessels  of  bone — Cellular  coat — Muscular  or 
fibrous  coat — Vessels  conveying  the  blood  from  the  organs 
— Veins — Vessels  conveying  the  blood  to  the  organs — 
Arteries — Vessels  essentially  composed  of  cellular  tissue 
— The  architects  of  their  own  structure. 

Blood-vessels — Their  tonicity — Philosophy  of  fainting — Struc- 
ture of  an  artery — Tree-like  form  of  the  vascular  systems 
— Direction  of  the  current  in  the  arteries  and  veins — Uni- 
versal penetration  of  blood-vessels — Distribution — No 
vessels  proper  to  cellular-tissue — Vessels  pass  to  every 
fibre  of  muscles — Few  vessels  in  cartilage,  ligament,  tendon, 
and  other  parts  approaching  cellular-tissue  in  organisation 
— Their  vessels  seldom  admit  red  blood — Vessels  nume- 
rous in  bone — Vessels  of  vessels,  to  supply  fibrous  or  mus- 
cular coat,  &c. 

Necessity  for  common  centres  of  the  circulation — Centres  some- 
times resemble  large  blood-vessels — In  other  cases,  they 
are  concentrated  into  the  form  of  hollow  muscles,  or 
hearts — Animals  have  two,  three  or  more  hearts — Man 
has  four — The  centres  and  the  arteries  are  the  motors  of 
the  circulation. 

Forms  of  circulatory  apparatus — In  perfect  insects — In 
larvae — In  worms — Circulation  in  the  earth-worm. 

Of  arterial  hearts,  and  venous  hearts — Heart  of  the  tadpole — 
Use  and  structure  of  hearts. 

Universal  serous  lining  of  the  whole  vascular  system — The 
cavities  of  the  blood-vessels  have  no  direct  communication 


19 


with  the  organs  of  the  body — All  the  vital  functions  are 
carried  on  through  their  coats — The  vascular  system  a 
great  ramified  cell — The  solids  of  the  body  are  external 
to  the  vessels  as  well  as  to  the  alimentary  canal. 

LECTURE  XL 
Of  Respiration,  and  the  Human  Circulation. 

Necessity  for  valves  in  blood  vessels.  The  valves  of  the  arte- 
ries found  only  at  their  origin  from  the  heart.  Those  of 
the  veins  seen  throughout  their  course. 

Effects  of  the  valves  of  the  veins  on  exercise  and  health.  Ef- 
fects of  stature  on  the  veins.  Varicosity.  Cold  feet. 
Deficient  nutrition.  Similar  injury  from  tight  ligatures. 
Explanation  of  the  good  effects  of  exercise  on  the  circula- 
tion. Remarks  on  walking,  dancing,  &c.  On  passive  ex- 
ercise.   Riding,  swinging,  sailing,  a  sea  voyage,  &c. 

Philosophy  of  rest  in  disease. 

History  of  the  nature  and  effects  of  respiration.  Conditions 
essential  to  respiration.  Respiration  in  insects.  Tracheal 
respiration.  Respiration  in  spiders,  certain  shell-fish,  and 
in  man.    Pulmonary  respiration. 

Respiration  of  animals  permanently  resident  in  water.  Bron- 
chial respiration.  Varieties  of  bronchial  organs.  The 
glaucus.  Fishes.  Combat  of  gold  and  silver  fish  at  the 
Capitol. 

Imperfect  respiration  of  reptiles.    Circulation  of  blood  in  the 

tad-pole  and  frogs. 
Perfect  respiration  in  fishes,  quadrupeds,  and  man.  Energy 

of  organs  dependent  upon  the  activity  of  their  nutrition, 

and  hence,  on  respiration. 
The  most  perfect  animals  continue  to  breathe  by  the  skin. 

Cutaneous  respiration  of  frogs;  of  man.    Effects  of  air 

on  wounds  attributable  to  respiration. 

Of  the  human  respiration. 

Cavity  of  the  chest.    Bony  walls.    The  spine,  ribs,  breast- 
bone; collar-bone;  shoulder-blade.  Fleshy  walls.  Inter- 


20 


costal  muscles,  diaphragm.  Muscles  of  the  neck.  Muscles 
of  the  shoulder. 

Contents  of  the  chest.  The  two  lungs.  The  two  pleura.  The 
heart.    The  pericardium, 

Structure  of  the  lungs.  Trachea.  Bronchia.  Air-cells.  Re- 
marks on  organs  of  voice. 

Mechanism  of  breathing.  Practical  exemplification.  Condi- 
tion of  the  air  on  its  entrance  and  exit.  Condition  of  the 
blood  on  its  entrance  and  exit. 

Evils  of  compression  of  the  chest  and  abdomen.  Remarks  on 
errors  of  dress.  Effects  of  lacing  on  health  and  on  beauty. 
Distortion  of  features.  Inflammation  of  the  eyes.  Head- 
ache. 

Evils  of  exercise  in  close  rooms.  False  notions  of  the  duty  of 
woman. 

Effects  of  anthracite  fires  on  health  and  beauty.  Means  of 
correction. 

The  Human  Heart.  Man  has  four  hearts;  two  venous  and  two 
arterial:  The  right  auricle  and  the  right  ventricle, 
are  venous  hearts.  The  left  auricle  and  the  left 
ventricle  are  arterial  hearts. 
Structure  of  the  human  hearts.  Their  valves.  Muscles  of 
the  valves. 

Description  of  the  rout  of  circulation.  Blood  passes  from  the 
organs  to  the  right  auricle;  from  the  right  auricle  to  the 
right  ventricle;  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the  lungs;  from 
the  lungs  to  the  left  auricle;  from  the  left  auricle  to  the 
left  ventricle;  from  the  left  ventricle  to  the  organs. 
Vessels  of  pure  blood  supplying  the  nourishment  to  the  lungs 
and  the  heart  itself,  unconnected  with  the  pulmonary  ves- 
sels. 

LECTURE  XII. 

Apparatus  of  Circulation — continued.  The  Absorbent  System. 

Position  of  the  Heart  in  the  Thorax. 

Proximity  of  the  gullet,  the  bronchia,  the  great  vessels,  the 
diaphragm,  the  stomach  and  the  heart;  hence  confusion  in 


21 


the  symptoms  of  disease.  Importance  of  the  stethoscope 
and  other  modern  means  of  observation. 

Effects  of  foul  air,  ill-regulated  exercise  and  confinement  on 
the  health  and  intellect.  Further  remarks  on  domestic 
discipline,  and  amusements.  Management  of  parties. — 
Errors  of  social  intercourse.  Little  men  and  women. — 
Rowdyism.  Shopping.  The  regulation  of  public  amuse- 
ments incumbent  on  the  statesman.  Influence  of  woman. 
Her  duty  to  humanity  superior  to  her  obligations  to  fashion. 
Respectability  is  above  fashion. 

Evils  of  the  modern  method  of  warming  rooms  in  cities. 
Invigorating  effects  of  cold.    Alternation  of  seasons  neces- 
sary to  vigor.    Remarks  on  hot  climates,  natural  and  arti- 
ficial.   Ill  effects  of  exercise  in  hot  apartments,  and  of 
sleeping  in  warm  rooms. 

Air  may  be  too  pure  for  an  invalid.  Illustrations — A  fish  in 
the  air — Animals  in  oxygen  gas.  Mountain  and  sea  air 
in  disease.    Necessity  of  temperance  in  all  things. 

Further  remarks  on  cutaneous  respiration.  Effects  of  swamps 
on  consumption.  Miasm.  Exposure  in  the  morning  and 
evening.  Means  of  preserving  health  in  sickly  districts. 
Choice  of  upper  rooms  in  cities.  Summer  complaint  of 
children.  Effects  of  vegetation  around  dwellings.  Bless- 
ings of  taste. 

Description  of  the  Absorbent  System. 

Influence  of  the  veins  on  absorption. 
In  the  most  complex  animals  the  food  is  not  taken  from  the 

alimentary  canal  by  the  blood-vessels. 
Intermediate  system  of  vessels  called  Lacteals.  Their 

structure.     The  Chyle.     Its  globules.  Mesenteric 

Glands.    Their  functions  and  structure. 
Of  the  Lymphatics.    Their  structure  and  functions.  Action 

of  poisoned  wounds.    Bathing  at  sea.    Food  taken  by 

other  routs  than  the  alimentary  canal. 
Reticulated  character  of  all  the  vessels.    The  importance  of 

this  arrangement.    Surgical  illustrations.    The  effect  of 

tying  a  large  artery.    Double  sets  of  veins.    Lacteals  and 

lymphatics  governed  by  similar  laws. 


22 


Mechanism  of  secretion.  Blood  as  it  passes  through  the  arte- 
ries, moves  slower  and  slower.  As  it  returns  through  the 
veins  it  flows  faster  and  faster.  Why.  Effect  of  this  fact 
upon  nutrition  and  secretion.  Slowness  extreme  in  the 
capillaries. 

Contrivances  for  retarding  the  blood  in  particular  organs  to 

favor  secretion. 
Secretory  Glands.    Their  structure.  Examples. 
Structure  and  functions  of  the  liver. 

Multitude  of  organs  employed  in  effecting  simple  purposes  in 
in  the  more  complex  animals. 
Consequent  necessity  for  a  common  bond  of  union  or  me- 
dium of  intelligence  between  the  different  systems  and  or- 
gans. The  Nervous  System.  Illustration — Multitude 
of  actions  concerned  in  digestion. 

From  this  point  it  is  impossible  to  arrange  the  precise  extent  of 
each  particular  lecture,  or  the  exact  number  composing  the  course. 
The  heads  are  therefore  noted  without  such  division. 

What  is  a  Nerve  ? — Its  appearance  and  structure — Its  charac- 
ter in  the  simplest  animals  that  have  nerves — In  medusa — 
In  the  earth-worm. 
Origin  of  nervous  fibres  in  Ganglia. 

Nervous  system  composed  of  cineritious,  or  gray  matter,  and  me- 
dullary matter. 

Nervous  fibres  all  naked  at  their  extremities,  but  generally  enve- 
loped in  a  coat  of  cellular  membrane  elsewhere,  called  the 
Neurilema. 

Mode  in  which  nerves  form  branches. 

Difference  of  the  globular  structure  of  cineritious  and  medullary 
matter — Blood-vessels  of  nerves. 

Functions  and  structure  of  ganglia — In  the  leech — In  man. 

Position  and  structure  of  Spinal  Marrow — Six  long  ganglions 
associated  into  one — Its  membranes — The  Pia  Mater  fur- 
nishing each  spinal  nerve  with  its  neurilema,  the  cerous  or 


23 


Arachnoid  Membrane  and  the  Dura  Mater  furnishing  an 
internal  periosteum  to  the  skull  and  spinal  canal. 

Mode  in  which  the  Brain  is  formed  upon  the  spinal  marrow — 
Fibrous  structure  of  the  brain — arrangement  of  its  corticle,  or 
cineritious,  and  its  medullary  matter — Membranes  of  the 
brain — Its  blood-vessels—Its  cellular  tissue. 

Nervous  system  formed  in  and  by  the  cellular  tissue,  like  all  other 
systems — It  forms  one  complete  system,  though  divided  by 
physiologists  into  several  sub-systems — Consequent  reason- 
ings upon  its  functions. 

Nerves  may  re-unite  after  wounds,  and  may  be  transmuted  like 
other  organs. 

Basis  of  the  principal  errors  of  Phrenology — It  is  unphilosophical 
to  attribute  any  totally  new  function  to  the  nervous  system — 
Complexity  of  organisation  separates,  perfects,  or  heightens 
the  vital  or  animal  functions,  but  does  not  add  new  ones — 
The  zoophyte  has  all  the  organic  powers  of  man,  only  in  less 
degree. 

What  is  the  peculiar  function  of  the  nervous  system — Nerves 
compared  to  post-roads,  ganglia  to  distributing  offices — Ef- 
fects of  dividing  the  nerves  of  motion — or  those  of  feeling — 
Part  of  the  nervous  system  from  which  the  mind  usually  re- 
ceives intelligence  of  external  things. 

Proofs  that  every  nervous  fibre  is  a  distinct  organ,  with  a  distinct 
function — Phenomena  of  amputated  limbs — Sensation  resides 
in  the  whole  fibre — Grafting  a  nerve — Taliacotian  operation 
— Singular  anecdote. 

Of  the  ganglionic  system  of  nerves,  and  other  sub-systems — 
Plexus. 

All  the  parts  of  the  nervous  system  associated  by  the  sympathetic 
nerves. 

The  Brain  a  collection  of  ganglia  and  nervous  systems. 

Argument  to  show  that  Consciousness  and  Will  are  not  the 
functions  of  any  portion  of  the  animal  organisation. 

Review  of  the  nervous  systems,  showing  that  consciousness  and 
will,  in  their  successive  stages  of  development,  do  not  follow 
the  common  laws  of  organisation — These  powers  seemingly 
resident  in  the  brain  exclusively,  among  the  nobler  animals. 


24 


They  do  not  reside  in  the  nerves  of  motion,  of  sensation,  or 
organic  life. 

Proof  that  consciousness  and  will  do  not  reside  in  the  brain  as 
a  whole. 

Question  whether  consciousness  and  will  reside  in  any  part  of 
the  brain. 

Internal  nerves  of  the  brain,  like  other  nerves,  are  mere  media 

of  communication. 
The  mind,  through  consciousness,  receives  intelligence  from 
certain  nerves.    By  the  will,  it  conveys  orders  to  distant 
parts  through  other  nerves. 
Effects  of  slicing  the  brain.    This  does  not  destroy  the  mind 

until  it  destroys  life. 
We  have  every  physical  reason  to  believe  that  the  mind  is  not 
a  function  of  any  part  of  the  organisation,  though  it  is 
placed  in  relation  with  the  nervous  system  in  the  higher 
orders  of  animals,  and,  in  health,  obscurely,  with  the  brain. 
Folly  of  the  mind  endeavoring  to  comprehend  itself. 

Consciousness  and  will  awakened,  but  not  created  by  the  nerves. 

Mind  receives  all  impressions  from  without. 
Two  routes  of  communication  with  external  things. — Revela- 
tion and  the  Senses.    The  latter  only  belongs  to  Phy- 
siology.   The  nerves  are  the  instruments. 
Proof  that  the  mind  regards  the  body,  and  consequently  the  ner- 
vous system  and  brain,  as  things  external  to  itself. 
Phenomena  of  self-judgment.    Reflective  persons  sometimes 

speak  of  themselves  in  the  third  person. 
Phenomena  of  nervous  fever,  seeming  detachment  of  mind 
and  body.    Anecdote  of  a  lady.    Other  illustrations. 
Both  physics  and  metaphysics  prove  the  mind  not  to  be  a  part 
of  the  organisation. 
The  obvious  phenomena  of  mind,  nevertheless,  depend  on 
the  organisation ;  because  the  nerves  alone  convey  physi- 
cal intelligence  to,  and  commands  from,  the  mind.  Appa- 
rent energy  and  results  of  mind  dependent  upon  the  per- 
fection of  the  organisation. 
Basis  of  rational  phrenology. 

On  the  variety  of  the  functions  of  different  parts  of  the  brain. 
Senses  of  color,  time,  sequence,  causality,  justice,  &c. — 


25 


Reasons  for  believing  them  seated  in  the  brain.  Their 
nature. 

Fundamental  error  of  the  fathers  of  phrenology. 
Phrenology  a  purely  physical  science  totally  unconnected 

with  materialism. 
Notice  of  the  discoveries  of  Gall  and  Spurtzheim. 
Remarks  on  the  cranium  and  brain. 
Follies  of  the  opponents  of  phrenology. 
Value  of  the  pretended  and  real  objections  to  the  art  of  cra- 

nioscopy. 

Two  neglected  difficulties  in  cranioscopy,and  their  results. 

Exercise  develops  the  functions  of  an  organ  faster  than  its 
bulk;  and  rest  diminishes  power  faster  than  size.  Phi- 
losophy of  habit.  An  organ  may  be  of  a  different  tem- 
perament from  the  entire  frame. 
Easier  to  estimate  the  balance  of  the  physico-mental  powers 
of  an  individual  than  to  compare  one  individual  with  an- 
other. 

Preliminary  remarks  on  the  changes  of  physico-mental  power 
from  infancy  to  age,  from  savage  life  to  civilisation.  Order 
of  the  development  of  the  functions.  Differences  of  the 
sexes.  Advance  of  governments.  Youth  of  communi- 
ties. Communities  should  provide  for  the  proper  exercise 
and  regulation  of  all  the  physico-mental  faculties,  instinc- 
tive, sentimental,  and  rational.  Consequences  of  neglect- 
ing this  course.    Eccentricity,  insanity,  folly,  and  vice. 

Grand  object  of  education.  Dangers  of  mismanagement  in 
infant  schools. 

Mutual  dependence  of  the  different  systems  upon  each  other. 
Nerves  cannot  act  without  arteries,  and  vice  versa.  Surgical 
and  medical  illustrations. 
Balance  of  vital  powers: 

Increased  vital  energy  cannot  be  directed  to  one  part  without 
weakening  others.  Singular  illustration.  This  principle 
applied  to  the  mind.  Repose  necessary  to  the  student. 
Balance  of  vital  powers  varied  in  classes,  races,  or  individuals 
to  a  certain  extent.  Temperament — Idiostncracy.  Ef- 
fects on  the  constitution. 
3 


26 


Such  peculiarities  hereditary.  May  become  peculiarities  of 
races  or  nations.  Illustrations.  Albinos;  military  propen- 
sity; theft. 

Command  of  the  will  and  personal  responsibility  modified,  but 
not  destroyed  by  these  peculiarities  of  organisation.  The 
mind  not  accountable  for  mistakes  of  the  senses. 

Treatment  of  disease  by  counter-irritation,  by  blood-letting, 
cold,  &c;  by  remedies  lessening  the  excitability  of  the 
nerves.  Limits  of  the  propriety  of  these  modes  of  treat- 
ment. 

Preposterous  doctrines  of  the  Thomsonians. 

Amusing  fundamental  principles  of  Homoeopathy. 

Counter-irritation  by  other  than  medicinal  means,  applied  to 
the  change  of  temperaments  and  idiosyncracies,  and  to  the 
promotion  of  health  and  morals.  Effects  of  muscular 
exercise  on  the  body  and  mind. 

Mental  counter-irritation. 

Vicarious  actions.  Vicarious  actions  of  the  nervous  system. 
Examination  of  the  physiological  principles  involved  in  the 
explanation  of  the  strange  phenomena  ridiculously  re- 
ferred to  animal  magnetism.  Epilepsy,  catalepsy,  hyste- 
ria and  somnambulism.  Perception  of  distant  objects, 
illustrated  by  the  habits  of  animals.  Seeming  transfer  of 
the  mind  to  a  relationship  with  portions  of  the  nervous 
system  distant  from  the  brain.  Criminality  of  the  practice 
of  what  is  called  animal  magnetism. 

Phrenological  distinction  of  the  sexes. 

Further  remarks  on  the  youth  of  society.    The  code  of  honor. 

Lynch  law.    Picture  of  a  patriot. 
Peculiarities  of  individual  organisation  influencing  the  cognisance 

of  external  things  too  numerous  and  occult  for  human 

cognizance. 

Man  may  judge  his  own  motives,  but  cannot  accurately  judge 
those  of  others.   Judgment  belongs  to  a  superior  power. 

Law  shares  the  imperfection  of  the  existing  stage  of  organisa- 
tion.   Harsh  judgments  of  communities  improper.  The 


27 


Mosaic  and  Christian  law  adapted  to  differerent  stages  of 
advancement. 

Evils  resulting  from  the  principle  of  punishment  in  criminal 
law. 

Rights  of  society.  Society  a  great  individual  and  possessed, 
as  such,  of  no  right  but  such  as  belong  to  the  individual. 

Application  of  these  principles  to  the  question  of  the  accounta- 
bility of  man  to  society.  Duties  of  society  to  supposed 
criminals.  Pennsylvania  penitentiary  system  adapted  to 
a  more  perfect  state  of  society  than  are  the  systems  of 
other  countries.    Certain  imperfections  in  it  pointed  out. 

Right  of  society  over  human  life.  Question  of  war.  Capital 
punishments  in  weak  communities,  and  the  military  code. 

Finale. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 
on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 

General  Library 
LD  21-50m-8,'57                           University  of  California 
(,C8481sl0)476  Berkeley 

